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I used to post my editorials here, but in the past few months I’ve finally migrated them to RPI, so please look for my new editorial, entitled “We’ve come a long way, maybe…”  at the RPI Tetherless World Weblog.

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Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part III

This is a preprint of the third, and I’m happy to say final, entry in my “Reinventing Academic Publishing” trilogy.  There is a lot more to be said on this topic, and I suspect I’ll be one of the people saying it, but for now it’s time for me to stop writing about it and begin making it happen.  This will also be the last IEEE Intelligent Systems Editorial published here in Mindswap blog, from here on in they will be coming from the RPI site where I’ve resided for the past 6 months (about time I got around to changing this) - so http://tw.rpi.edu/weblog/ will be the new place for these.

-Jim Hendler.

==============

Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part III

Intelligent Readers,

In my past two editorials, I have addressed some of the challenges and opportunities presented to scientific publishing by new Web technologies.  In the second part, I discussed why putting papers online using traditional journal approaches was not a panacea to academic communication, but in fact, something of a barrier to the creation of scientific communities that could solve the hard, interdisciplinary problems, facing the world today.  I suggested some opportunities via overlay journals and similar mechanisms, but kept the focus on the traditional, peer-reviewed journal paper accepted to a reputable publication, whether it be online or print, open-access or paid.  In this, the last part of this editorial trilogy, I want to look at something that is becoming more and more important to academic communication – the online scientific interaction outside the traditional journal space.

My strong belief is that a critical change is needed in our thinking to move from looking scientific disciplines to scientific “contexts.”  When looking at what has been the most successful on the Web, especially in what have come to be known as Web 2.0 technologies, we see that many of the most exciting sites work because of how they take advantage of some sort of community or context focus.  My colleague Jennifer Golbeck and I have recently written a paper  where we go into this in more detail, but essentially a lot of these technologies work because the social context helps to define terms.  For example, if you look at the flickr photo-sharing site and search on “James” you will find, at the time I write this, over 750,000 hits.  Yet why in the world would this be of use?  How often do you say, “I wonder if I can find a picture of someone named James”?

The key, of course, is that rarely would someone look for this in such a general search.  Rather, flickr allows a user to look at pictures entered by a particular person or group.  So if I know I’m looking at your flickr photos, and I know you have a brother named James, then suddenly it becomes a very meaningful tag.  In other contexts, I might know it is someone’s advisor, significant other, reigning monarch, favorite secret agent or whatever.  In each of these cases, I will be identifying a different person; the tag works because of the context.

In science, I would argue that a similar effect is what causes a lot of the jargon issues to arise.  When we use a particular term from a particular field, we are usually in a context, be it a talk at a conference or a paper in a journal, which defines how that term is used.  In fact, one problem that scientists often face is that when we try to explain what we do to the general public, they don’t have these contexts and the words we use revert to their more generic meanings – leading to misunderstandings and confusion.  Similar misunderstandings and confusions happen when scientists communicate across boundaries, and that is where much of the problem arises in interdisciplinary scientific discourse.

One approach that is being explored is the development of social websites aimed at particular communities of scientists – essentially embedding the context into the site.  A good example of this is the myExperiment.org site that is currently being developed in the UK as a social networking site specifically designed for experimental scientists.  The site allows users to share experimental workflows and to develop communities around specific activities.  Thus, a network of scientists can form around, for example, the role of some particular proteins in causing disease.  These scientists can share methodologies, specialized techniques, and discussion of how to get better results among themselves in a relatively informal and blog-like way, while still being able to share the important work products that help them be more effective.  While these scientists can still compete with respect to the data they’re using and the results they publish, they can cooperate in helping to develop and refine experimental methodologies, which is a crucial sharing of knowledge that would not typically be publishable in traditional journals.

A more generalized version of this idea, and one I’m coming to rely on in my own work, is that of the Twine system developed by radarnetworks.com.  (I am an advisor to this company, but have no current financial interest.)  Twine is essentially a social networking site where the focus is not on the activities of the members per se, but on the sharing of information products within user-created contexts.  Thus, the group interested in a particular topic can create a “twine” where they can share pointers to articles, blog entries, web sites, or pretty much anything else with a URI.  The context is defined by group membership and what is shared.  Notes and discussion can be attached to the entries, and the site maintains the entries so that members joining later can see what has been already saved.

In Part II of this editorial I talked about overlay journals, and how they could be used for sharing information across an emerging discipline.  A problem, of course, is that if it is a relatively small group who want to communicate, the expense of setting up such a site, in terms of time and resources, is prohibitive.  Using something like twine, we create sort of an ad hoc overlay journal on the specific topic of our interest.  Twine was not created with scientific communication in mind, but something like this clearly has a high potential to have a huge effect on scientific discourse.  The twine forms the context, and the members choose what to share as they create their own shared vocabulary.   Unlike email, newsgroups, and even wikis that have been tried for these purposes, the open and dynamic nature of building the discourse in the social networking context has great potential.

I am excited by the emerging technologies for scientific interaction, and think these new technologies that expand on blog- and wiki- like ideas in creating context mechanisms will become an increasingly important part of the scientific discourse.  However, whether it be specifically through technologies like this, or via new Web technologies just starting to be explored, there is one thing I am certain of: change in online scientific communication is inevitable.  I was reading a blog entry by my friend, and co-author, Dean Allemang the other day.  He was pointing out that when he talks to people who currently are in management and suggests that their enterprise could use something like a blog, wiki or other self-organizing information space, that they reply “… you just don’t understand.  Our engineers/researchers/analysts will never do that.  It just won’t happen!”  I know this phenomenon well, I’ve heard it myself when I make similar suggestions to my academic colleagues about the use of technologies like myExperiment or Twine.

Dean goes on to say, however, that there is a “new generation of people entering the workforce who have a different relationship with Wikipedia than their elders.  These are the people who used Wikipedia to cheat on their homework in high school.”  He points out the first Wikipedia generation is now graduating from college and entering the workforce, and that they don’t know of a life without wikis, blogs, social networks, etc.  They share information as a natural part of their lives, why in the world wouldn’t they do the same in their work contexts?

He makes a good point, and it is also true in academia.  These same Wikipedia college students are now becoming our graduate students and the scientists of tomorrow.  Just as a previous generation of students created the scientific Web sites which have become crucial to our daily work, so too is this new generation using emerging technologies to create mechanisms for sharing their interests.  I hope those of us who hold more senior positions will find ways to encourage and endorse this work and reward their efforts.  But even if we don’t, the change will come.  It’s inevitable, and frankly, I think that’s a great thing.

(Jim Hendler)

p.s. Strangely, I set down the path of creating this set of editorials to explore the role that magazines like this one could have in the changing scientific discourse.  Somehow, the Web Scientist in me took over from the EIC, and that never quite got written.  I’d welcome your comments on that topic, it’s an important area, and one that my eventual successor will need your help in working out.

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Announcing the Open-Web, Billion Triple Challenge (ISWC 08)

Announcement: The Open Web, Billion Triples Challenge 2008
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This is the first public pre-announcement of the Open Web, Billion Triples Challenge, which will be organized as a special track of next year’s Semantic Web Challenge [1]. This track will be in addition to the traditional SWC competition and it will focus on pushing the limits in tool design on the fronts of scalability in size and robustness in the face of data typically found on the Web. The goal of the competition is also to generate new application ideas, i.e. to show what is possible with Web metadata today.

The details of this Challenge are yet to be determined and we are calling on the Semantic Web community to help us in its formation. For this purpose we have set up a mailing list [2] and would like to invite everyone interested in this new Challenge to join this list. The mailing list will serve to discuss the data sets and rules of competition, and later to disseminate all other information regarding the new Challenge.

Best Regards,

The co-chairs of the SWC:

Jim Hendler (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)
Peter Mika (Yahoo! Research)

[1] http://challenge.semanticweb.org
[2] http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/billiontriples/

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..but wait, Rachel’s one of the good folks

In my blog of a couple days ago, I said what set me off was a blog by Rachel.  Let me be clear, I was in no way disagreeing with her view of the Semantic Web - if you read between the flaming, you’ll see I totally endorse her view — what I didn’t like is being tagged (by reference to the Scientific American article) as being a proponent of what she called the “orderly semantic web” — she’s right that the Web of data, with simple interlinked ontologies to describe bits of it, is the important part of the Semantic Web.  Ontologies are actually a valuable tool, but especially when they are linked together and linked to lots of interlinked data - i.e. what Rachel called the “chaotic Semantic Web” — all I’m disagreeing with is her comment, which doesn’t really reduce the value of her argument, that:
   The Intelligent Web is the one evoked by Sir Tim Berners-Lee’s vision in the famous Scientific American article.

because Tim has never supported that view, and I don’t think that article (which I know pretty well) can be used to claim he (or his coauthors) do.

So Rachel, and your many fans and supporters, please accept this apology - if anyone thought I was bashing on your overall point (which is well made, modulo this one point) please reread my screed - you’re absolutely right in your view that the Sem Web is about bringing more things to the Web and creating more links (and network effect).  And to the  emailer who said I shouldn’t compare Rachel to Clay Shirky — believe me, I wasn’t trying to - she gets it, and best I can tell, he still doesn’t.

(btw, sorry this discussion is not in blog comments as it should be, but something is messed up on the blog comment approval for this site - we’re working on it)

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Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part II

A preprint of my next editorial for IEEE intelligent systems — part III coming one of these days

=====

Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part II

Intelligent Readers,

Last issue, my letter < > focused on some of the trends in academic publishing that are being faced by journals, magazines and other scientific publishing endeavors. I argued that we computer scientists should take a leading role in helping to create technologies that will help break down these walls.

An obvious question to ask is “haven’t we already?”  That is, Berners-Lee’s invention of the World Wide Web, coupled with Brin and Page’s PageRank algorithm that powers Google, has led to a world where scientists publish preprints and papers on the Web and can find each others’ results without having to subscribe to the same journals.  Doesn’t that solve the problem?  Just pick your favorite chemical, check it out on Google (or even better, Google Scholar) and there’s the paper you need.  What more is there to be said?

Unfortunately, the reality of sharing papers on the Web doesn’t live up to this ideal.  With rare exceptions, Web-based journals and open-source publications and preprint servers have been modeled on the same field and subfield considerations that have been used for decades in print journals and scientific communication. (For example, in our field, the Journal of AI Research, one of the best online journals today in terms of impact and reputation, is not organized very differently than the traditional print Artificial Intelligence journal.) So while we have made journals electronic, with positive results on distribution, we still have not really done much to revolutionize the scientific communication aspects of scientific publication. If a computer scientist searches for some term of the art, say “case-based reasoning” in an online journal, he or she is likely to find papers of interest.  However, they’re not likely to find, say, a Science paper written by a chemist who used a similar approach to do data provenance in a lab setting.  Despite the prevalence of online literature, and the ability to search with great ease, jargons – the different ways similar things are described in different fields – still gets in the way.

This is true even of sites that have tried hard to provide organizational structures that will help people find each other’s work. Scientific publication sites like PubMed or arXiv, for example, organize papers based on disciplinary terms familiar to the scientists who use them.  Papers on similar topics can be found via common web mechanisms (hyperlinks to related papers, menus representing ontological categories, etc.) in a browsing manner, making up for some of the domain specific aspects of search.  However, these sites still tend to be of greatest use to those in a particular field, who know the terms and can navigate the terminologies.  The significant effort put into these sites does help build bridges, especially between subdisciplines, but they still primarily use the same jargon-y terms used in searches.

This is particularly troubling because if one talks to thought leaders in science, or explores the sorts of problems described in the UN’s millennium development goals (www.un.org/millenniumgoals/) – such as eradicate hunger and ensure environmental sustainability – it becomes clear that many, if not most, of the key scientific discoveries of the next generations require interdisciplinary approaches,  Funding agencies, although still organized along disciplinary lines, are putting more money up for projects that cross the traditional lines.  Biotechnology Centers are flourishing at many universities and encouraging biologists, computer scientists and others to work together.  New organizations, created to develop technologies that span fields are growing in academia and industry at an increasing rate.  Unfortunately, despite the growth in these larger science projects, the publishing still tends to be in traditional journals, arranged along disciplinary lines, and reviewed by experts in the traditional fields.  As a result, large interdisciplinary projects tend to be published in bits and pieces, with each part published in an article that briefly reviews the overall project, but primarily discusses the particular disciplinary aspects of interest to that audience.

It is exactly this need for better support for interdisciplinary work that is motivating many of the new solutions being considered on line.  Rather than simply replacing print journals with online journals of the same ilk, people are considering new models that can more easily cross disciplines and find papers (or projects, etc.) that relate to their interest areas.  One of these that is becoming more common is that of an “overlay” journal (sometimes called a “deconstructed journal” after Smith, 1997).  The idea is to create an online publication by taking some cross cutting theme, and providing a web site that links to papers that have been published elsewhere.  By providing links, rather than republishing, the overlay journal provides a service both for the reader, by linking to many publications, but also to the publishers, since it brings more “eyeballs” to their sites.

A key feature of the best of these overlays is that they can provide an organization scheme based less on the disciplinary jargons than on features of a domain.  For example, the Virtual Journal of Quantum Information (http://www.vjquantuminfo.org/quantuminfo/) is an example of a well-respected overlay journal.  The virtual journal provides links to papers appearing in a large number of specialized disciplinary journals (Low Temperature Physics, Optics Express, Science, Physical Review A, etc.) organized by themes relating to quantum processing like “Information Theory” and “Algorithms and Computation.”  Thus, the jargon of the one field (quantum theory) is used to help organize the materials appearing across a wide swath of other more specialized fields (physics, optics, mathematics, computer science, etc.)

Overlay journals are becoming more popular, and the Web’s odd economy makes them very feasible.  Basically, the profits from downloads, if they aren’t free, go to the original publisher of the material.  The site itself makes its profit (or provides its service) through being a repackager – getting many eyeballs on the site and selling advertising, or promoting the new field.  Authors get tremendous benefit since more people are directed to their papers (increasing citation counts and visibility), and readers get the benefit of having relevant material culled from a wider range of publications than they could monitor on their own.  Win-win-win-win, how often do you see that?

Currently, there are a number of different models being explored for how best to “curate” such overlay publications.  One approach is to have the overlay journal function as an independent publication in its own right.  Such an approach is being taken by the IEEE Computer Society, which is working on the creation of Computing Online (CO), which will be a site that serves a number of purposes.  One of these being considered is for this site to provide an overlay functionality across the different magazines being published (including IEEE Intelligent Systems, of course).   The new “virtual” magazine will thus provide a means for the papers and columns appearing in our magazine to be seen by a wider audience, and we will be providing articles to that site, reducing their need to solicit and produce as much new material.  The curation looks like it will be through an editorial board, with liaisons to the magazines, thus giving CO dedicated staff and function as a separate publication.

Another model being explored has a more open Web feel to it. For example in the Web Science overlay being created by Les Carr of Southampton, is a submitter-based one.  Submitters can fill in a simple form (or share metadata from other publishers) to have a paper listed on the site.  The submitter points to the original publication, proposes where to link it into an evolving hierarchy of terms (basically a “folkonomy” seeded by a set of terms from a domain ontology, thus providing Semantic Web metadata), and provides a short comment on why this paper should be included.  The submitter may be the author of the paper, or may be someone else who feels the paper will be of value to the community. Mechanisms for determining how to moderate the site (whether by having a process to screen the submitters, or a process to review the submissions) are still being discussed, but this mix of submission with overlay is an idea that seems to combine the best of several worlds.

Oh dear, I’ve run out of space, and I was just getting warmed up.  Beyond the overlay journal we start to look at more novel ideas that depart further from traditional publishing.  Ideas such as blog-based scientific publication, “Web 2.0″ based community sites, and sites enhanced by the Semantic “Web of Data” are also being explored.  More on this when we get to Part III.

Jim Hendler, EIC

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Shirkyng my responsibility

OK, I’ve finally gotten angry enough that I feel compelled to respond to something written over 4 years ago — the much quoted and, forgive me, totally misguided, blog entry by Clay Shirky in which he totally mischaracterized some of what Tim Berners-Lee, Ora Lassila, and I said in the 2001 Scientific American article, which is often cited as the first real elaboration of the Semantic Web Vision. What has me pissed off today, is that many people continue to claim that we said something that Clay said we said, clearly not having read the article themselves to see that not only didn’t we say it, but in that article, and many since, we’ve been the people most aggressively promoting the opposing view!!

What set me off today was discovering a blog called “Two Semantic Webs” in which the author has seen the light and says that she gets it - there are two visions of the Semantic Web. She says (and I quote):

The Intelligent Web is the one evoked by Sir Tim Berners-Lee’s vision in the famous Scientific American article. This is the Semantic Web that people have had trouble buying into. Not because the technology is so far-fetched, but because it implies a sort of Utopian information society where all information is free and everyone has agreed on a common descriptive language to communicate that information. If people see that as a prerequisite for the success of the semantic web, it’s easy to see why they’d dismiss it as “never gonna happen”.

She later says (quoting again)

the Orderly Semantic Web (roughly analogous to what Spivack calls The Intelligent Web) is never going to happen. Universally agreed upon upper ontologies? Not likely. …. The totality of human intelligence expressed using nothing more than syllogisms and first order logic? Set your mind at ease, Clay Shirky, this won’t be necessary.

But wait — what the heck is she refuting?? WE NEVER SAID THAT!!! In fact, in the article being cited, which Shirky might have read, but the people who invoke his name clearly haven’t, what Tim and Ora and I said is (you can find these quotes in the article - go check - they’re there!):
Traditional knowledge-representation systems typically have been centralized, requiring everyone to share exactly the same definition of common concepts such as “parent” or “vehicle.” But central control is stifling, and increasing the size and scope of such a system rapidly becomes unmanageable.

Get it - we are opposing the idea of everyone sharing common concepts. We also say (comparing to the traditional AI view) that:
The Semantic Web, in contrast, is more flexible. The consumer and producer agents can reach a shared understanding by exchanging ontologies, which provide the vocabulary needed for discussion. Agents can even “bootstrap” new reasoning capabilities when they discover new ontologies. Semantics also makes it easier to take advantage of a service that only partially matches a request.

Note the implication - this is not everyone sharing ontologies - it is a view of little pieces of ontology all over the place, and things on the Semantic Web using them as needed. Yes, you need to actually make an inference to realize we said that - we did assume our readers would have a modicum of intelligence. However, for those needing it even more baldly, we stated:

it will “know” all this without needing artificial intelligence on the scale of 2001’s Hal or Star Wars’s C-3PO.

So how in the world can someone say we’re advocates of the big AI vision when we explicitly make it clear we’re pushing for something else.

But wait, there’s more — people contrast our article’s vision to that of a “data web” - the blog mentioned above, for example, says:

The Chaotic Semantic Web is the one I’m interested in. All we need to make it happen is for people to start generating and exposing more data and metadata. We don’t need agreement, and we don’t need to understand how it will all be used. Some time in the future all this data will be useful in ways we can’t currently anticipate, and I’m OK with that.

what I find amazing is that she puts this, which is totally congruent with what Tim and Ora and I have been saying for a decade now, somehow feel they have to put this in opposition to the Semantic Web. I wonder why there is this belief that somehow Shirky’s misrepresentation of the Semantic Web effort is more important than the consistent “free the data” message that Tim Berners-Lee has been discussing - go listen to his Talis piece or others and show me where he talks about some big AI vision with everyone agreeing on one ontology and singing kumbaya.

As for myself, I’ve been an incredibly vocal opponent of the single Web ontology approach since the earliest papers I published on Web ontologies in the mid 90s (check out SHOE, the first Web ontology language, for some ancient history) and have never figured out how we somehow get lumped in with someone like Doug Lenat (who does hold that view) who has also been a vocal opponent of the Semantic Web since we were so counter to his approach …
Heck, Google for ‘Hendler “upper ontology” ‘ and the top hit I get today is http://colab.cim3.net/forum/cuo-wg/2007-02/msg00003.html where you will see me being quoted with what I think about those, and you’ll see me advocating the data web totally and completely. And if you want something further back, see the multiontology view I promote in the 2001 article “Agents and the Semantic Web” or heck, just look in the 2004 W3C “OWL FAQ” where I included sections on how OWL is different from traditional KR languages and how the Semantic Web differs from exactly the AI vision that these critics claim I advocate. Or perhaps you’d like a more current read on where I stand on this — how about my editorial in IEEE Intelligent systems “The Dark Side of the Semantic Web” where, I hope, I make it clear that the Semantic Web that Rachel claims to want is exactly the one I advocate.
In fact, I am a continuing and proud advocate of the Semantic Web and Semantic Web technologies. I helped make OWL happen, and am proud of that. I have evangelized this vision long and hard, and am proud of that. The emergence of Web 3.0, the acceptance of the Semantic Web by companies like Oracle, IBM and, yes, even Microsoft, and the seemingly good health of players like Garlik, Talis, and RadarNetworks, is something I feel I had a material part in and it makes me feel good. The number of participants at the academic ISWC meetings (545 this year) and the more industrial Semantic Technology Conference (about 800 last time) shows the interest is real and growing, and I’m glad to see it. The web of data that is the Semantic Web is out there and it is growing! This stuff is the real deal, coming soon to a Web site near you.
So, Clay Shirky, Tim O’Reilly, Rachel, and others - there may be people who advocate the sort of “everyone should just do it my way” Semantic Web that you so rightly criticize, but stop claiming it is me, or Tim, or Ora who says that – we didn’t, we don’t, and I doubt we ever will!!

Posted in Uncategorized | No Comments »

Call for nominations - IEEE Intelligent Systems “10 to Watch”

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Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part I

Here’s a pre-edited preprint of my editorial for the next issue of IEEE Intelligent Systems. I welcome your comments - Jim H.

=======================

Intelligent Readers,

While it is generally considered tacky to quote one’s self, recently I’ve been involved in several activities and discussions I’d like to share with you. These largely arose from a column that Tim Berners-Lee and I coauthored in Nature back in 2001 [1]. In that column, which appeared as part of a series of opinion pieces about the future of academic publishing, we discussed how the Semantic Web might impact on this issue, and we ended with the somewhat brash statement that

The semantic web will provide unifying underlying technologies to allow these concepts to be progressively linked into a universal web of knowledge, and will therefore help to break down the walls erected by lack of communication, and allow researchers to find and understand products from other scientific disciplines. The very notion of a journal of medicine separate from a journal of bioinformatics, separate from the writings of physicists, chemists, psychologists and even kindergarten teachers, will someday become as out of date as the print journal is becoming to our graduate students.

Interestingly, in the past year, I have found that that quote is resonating more and more, and that some of the big players in the academic publishing are starting to think along these lines (perhaps not yet the kindergarten teacher part, but that will come). While not all of them are considering use of Semantic Web technology, inspired instead by the community-oriented features of Web 2.0, the notion of breaking down the lines between traditional disciplines and of reaching out to audiences beyond the academic bench scientist is becoming an important “meme” in the academic publishing world.

One of the leaders in this area has been Nature itself, which launched the “Nature Network” (http://network.nature.com), a social networking/blogging site aimed primarily at scientists. Users can create a social network, can share forums and blogs, and can use tags to attempt to create some semantics. Given Nature’s early interest in RDF and Semantic web technologies, I hope some ontologies might be added to improve more linking between tags and to help provide a mechanism for cross-disciplinary searching, but that is not yet there. How successful the network has been depends on whom you ask, but it is a clear indicator of thing to come when a major force in scientific publishing is exploring how to enhance scientific communication using Web technologies.

Lately, I’ve been hearing from a number of other publishers and magazines that they are also considering doing more to enhance their online sites with community-oriented features. These publishers have been motivated in part by Nature’s lead, in part by users’ increasing reluctance to pay for hardcopy articles when so much is available on line, and in part by the increasing facility that young scientists, the desirable demographic for the future of the industry, have with Web technologies. Some of these publishers are just “jumping in,” throwing up sites to see what happens, and others are taking a more cautious approach. This latter, it seems to me, is warranted – because the success of a few Web 2.0 sites is causing too many people to think it is a silver bullet, without really considering the nature of the success, and failure, of this technology.

It is becoming clear that making a successful community-oriented Web site requires more than just the technology. As a cautionary anecdote, consider the success of Wikipedia, and the lack of success of a number of other sites that have tried to use Wikis in a similar way. Many of these sites used virtually identical technology, the MediaWiki.org code from which Wikipedia is built, but have not had anything near the success of the original. Some studies have begun to explore why this is the case, but anecdotally it appears that the key is somehow in the social structures the successful sites have created. Similar stories arise in exploring Flickr, YouTube and other Web 2.0 marvels – while these sites have taken off, others have languished due to misunderstanding the mismatch between the technology and the community they want to reach.

Which brings us back to the issue of academic publishing. As publishers try to promote new models of communication among scientists, with an eye towards finding some new role in the process, there is a respect that needs to be paid to the way science works. While this, like many other things may be changing due to the impact of the Web, there’s some natural points of resistance that must be overcome before new, more community-oriented, interdisciplinary scientific sites succeed. While scientists have gloried in the disruptive effect that the Web is having on publishers and libraries, with many fields strongly pushing open publication models, we are much more resistant to letting it be a disruptive force in the practice of our disciplines.

At the recent “Science FOO camp” (tagged on many blogging sites as “scifoo”), held at Google in August 2007, there were a number of sessions relating to the future of academic publishing. The topics included open-source publishing, publishing “pre review” (or with community reviewing of some sort), and of the use of blogs, wikis and other new technologies to enhance scientific communication. However, motivated by comments arising the first day, the second morning featured a session entitled “Culture of Fear: Scientific Communication and Young Scientists.” This session, led by two post-doctoral researchers, Alex Palazzo of Harvard and Andrew Walkingshaw of Cambridge, explored some of the issues that face those starting out in scientific fields, when using these new technologies. In the tight job market for scientific positions, especially in academia, there are a number of issues that must be faced. For example, how do a team of scientists, sharing partial results pre-publication, assign credit? Authorship gets quite blurred when small amounts of information, which may contain key insights into making processes successful, are shared in public. How does a blogger get credit for the information that lead to an eventual publication at a competing lab?

Another theme of the session was the role that peer-review plays in scientific fields. While many of us have been accosted by pseudo-scientists claiming that we use peer-review as a way to keep their brilliant insights out of our precious literature, there is a real appreciation among most scientists of the importance of the peer-reviewed literature in providing a filter. The high standards maintained by publications are a useful way to make sure that ideas are both well argued and strongly evaluated before being published. On the other hand, there has always been some feeling that, especially with respect to funding, the peer review process may tend to be overly constraining and cause considerable delay in new ideas coming to the fore. The difficulty and delays that promising young scientists must face in the current system also has an impact on hiring and promotion. These factors have motivated many in the community to discuss new mechanisms, based on emerging web technologies, to allow more ideas to be communicated faster. For example, there has been discussion of moving to a model, being explored in some on-line journals, of publishing after some sort of minimal peer-review, and creating some sort of post-publication metrics as to the value of the paper. However, as Alex put it in his blog (http://scienceblogs.com/transcript/2007/08/scifoo_day_3_well_that_was_yes.php), “Until the scientific establishment reaches a consensus as to whether these post-publication metrics are indeed useful for determining the credentials of a scientist in the shorter term (<2 years post-publication) it is unlikely that any scientists would risk publishing their findings in a minimally peer-reviewed journal.”

Which gets us to the crux of the issue facing many of us, whether the EIC of a magazine like Intelligent Systems, or the head of a major press or publishing house. That is, how do we embrace the new technology, and encourage more of the sharing that Tim and I were calling for, without causing career risk to the very people to whom the technology is most familiar – the younger scientists? If we don’t think through the social issues of usage, the technologies alone will not have any significant impact, and will go largely unused.

One option, and I’d like to see more effort expanded in this area, is that this is a case where innovation needs to come “from the top.” Eventually, as these young scientists become the leaders of our fields they would bring these new technologies with them, but with the world in its current shape, we can’t afford to wait that long. Rather, we need to find ways to bring more senior scientists into contact with the positive side of these technologies. In computer science, where the barrier has been lower than in some fields for senior people to learn to use new computer technologies, we’ve seen some of this happen. For example, Tim Finin has been instrumental in bringing bloggers to the AAAI conference, and this has caused others to read, and in some cases create, blog content. Tim Berners-Lee’s first blog was greeted by stories in newspapers around the world, making it that much easier for the rest of us to legitimize the time we spend sharing our thoughts in this lightweight way. When young scientists see the leaders of their field embracing new technologies, it is that much easier for them to demonstrate to the rest of us what these technologies can do without fear of retribution.

I believe it is time for us as computer scientists to take a leading role in helping to create innovation in this area. Some ideas are very simple, for example providing overlay journals that link already existing Web publications together, thus increasing the visibility (and therefore impact) of research that cuts across fields. Others may require more work, such as exploring how we can easily embed semantic markup into authoring tools and return some value (for example, automatic reference suggestions) via the use of user-extensible ontologies. In part II of this editorial, next issue, I’ll discuss some ideas being explored with respect to new technologies for the future of academic communication that we as a field may be able to help bring into being, and some of the obstacles thereto. I look forward to hearing your thoughts on the subject.

Yours,

Jim Hendler

[1] T. Berners-Lee and J. Hendler, Publishing on the semantic web, Nature, 410:6832, April 26, 2001
Available on line at: http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/bernerslee.htm

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Science FOO Camp 2007 (Scifoo 07)

Given my travel schedule I have no idea when I’ll actually get a chance to do justice to this meeting (probably never), but thought I’d do a quick shot to get some things online-

first, for those who don’t know what it is, Scifoo is a gathering of a relatively random collection of people, mostly scientists and technologists, to a sort of semi-formed meeting, to meet each other and discuss whatever they want (invites from Tim O’Reilly and Timo Hannay). I didn’t know what to expect, figured it might be interesting. Yow was I surprised - there were about 300 people there, ranging from post docs and folks from Google who helped with the logistics, to notables of science (Freeman Dyson, Carl Djerassi, Eric Lander,…), technology (Dean Kamen, Jaron Lanier, Charles Simonyi…), Science Fiction (Neal Stephenson, Kim Robinson, Greg Bear), some leaders of industry (Google represented by Sergei Brin and Larry Page), and lots of others (Martha Stewart, James Randi,…)

Lots of time for informal mixing plus good formal mixing

Lots of discussion was about the future of academic publishing — I led a session Sat evening (about 30 people) on the topic, asked it be kept to a technology focus (as opposed to arguing over tenure or peer review) - part of my newly started “Reinventing the journal” project (more about that when my thoughts are clearer - but see the piece “Science publishing on the Semantic Web” that Tim B-L and I had in Nature some years back).

The session included brainstorming some ideas on what we can/could/should be doing to explore this area — here are the notes from the whiteboard at that meeting (thanks to Richard Akerman for transcribing them and Nikita Bernstein for forwarding them to me) — these need to be written up and commented more - (I am thinking of doing that for an editorial in IEEE IS - which would of course be preprinted in this blog as they usually are.)
———-
NOTES FROM Session:

1) Downstream tracking / history (esp cross-domain)
- relationships between articles (automated? human?)

2) ID, logoing, review status tag, trust mechanisms
- other peer review status

3) semantic authoring aids

4) Data: process/workflow reuse; digital object provenance
- huge data sets

5) Review as a service that can be applied to an object

6) citation labeling (citation ontology)

7) authoring tools that add value for metadata

8) extensible geotagging / gis / unique ids for any domains

9) community ehanced - facebook for science e.g. Nature Network

10) unique ID for people (w/o necessarily revealing identity)
- persistent ID

11) annotation/metadata for non-text scientific objectat

12) “fantasy genetics” - prediction market for science
———

btw, this last one is a neat idea from Carl Bergstrom - idea is to allow participants to pick a set of papers from some particular conference, journal, field (or whatever) whcih they think will be the most influential over some period of time — ideas about how to evaluate include using Google Scholar citation counts, or some sort of voting scheme where the voters are different than (or controlled version of) the raters — idea is not to be a big force in the future of science, but a fun way to get a lot of people to think more about what gets published in their field. I think this is a great idea - hoping to get some undergrads from RPI to implement it next term

cheers and to all who were at scifoo - thanks! I had a great time

-JH

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